By William L. Cleveland, Martin Bunton
ISBN-10: 0813343747
ISBN-13: 9780813343747
This entire paintings offers a penetrating research of contemporary heart japanese background, from the Ottoman and Egyptian reforms, during the problem of Western imperialism, to the yank invasion of Iraq and Iran’s new effect within the sector. After introducing the reader to the region’s background from the origins of Islam within the 7th century, A background of the fashionable center East specializes in the previous centuries of profound and infrequently dramatic swap. even though equipped round a framework of political heritage, the e-book additionally rigorously integrates social, cultural, and monetary advancements right into a unmarried, expertly crafted account. In updating this fourth variation of the past due William Cleveland’s renowned introductory textual content, Martin Bunton addresses fresh transformative advancements within the center East, charting the decline within the peace customers among Israelis and Palestinians, elaborating upon the resurgence of Islam, and devoting a brand new bankruptcy to “America’s stricken second within the heart East,” which information the aftermath of the Iraq conflict and Iran’s nuclear ambitions.
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Additional resources for A History of the Modern Middle East (4th Edition)
Example text
Fasting (Sawm). The Quran commands all adult Muslims whose health permits to abstain from food, drink, and sexual activity from dawn to dusk during the month of Ramadan, the month in which Muhammad received the first revelations. Fasting is a time of atonement and a reminder, through abstention, of God’s generosity in providing for his human creations. ˛ The Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj). Muhammad incorporated the Ka ba, the existing shrine of Mecca, into Islam and made it the key sanctuary of the new faith, associating its origins with the figure of Abraham.
From a scorned prophet with few followers, he became the head of a small state and the dominant figure throughout Arabia. This transformation was achieved through a combination of warfare, negotiation, and preaching, the success of which seemed to confirm Muhammad’s right not only to prophethood but to political leadership as well. Muhammad consolidated his authority in Medina by convincing influential personalities in the city to embrace Islam and accept his leadership. Once he established his power base, he was able to take measures against the groups that continued to deny his prophetic and political authority.
Abu Bakr (632–634) was simply called the successor—khalif—anglicized as caliph. Eventually the term caliph came to designate the religious and political leader of the Islamic community, and the office became known as the caliphate. Abu Bakr and his three successors, Umar (634–644), Uthman (644–656), and Ali (656–661), are known in Islamic history as the Rashidun (rightly guided) caliphs in recognition of their personal closeness to the Prophet and their presumed adherence to Quranic regulations.
A History of the Modern Middle East (4th Edition) by William L. Cleveland, Martin Bunton
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